Ramesses II, often called Ramesses the Great, reigned for 66 years during Egypt’s New Kingdom and became one of its most iconic rulers. Known for his ambitious construction projects, military campaigns, and reputed fatherhood of over 100 children, his life and death continue to captivate archaeologists and historians alike. New investigations, blending archaeological records, anatomical analysis, and political context, shed fresh light on how this ancient monarch met his end—and what became of his dynasty after his passing.
How Did Ramesses II Die?
Ramesses II died around 1213 BCE, at an extraordinary age of approximately 90. In an era where the average life expectancy was closer to 40, his longevity stands out as an anomaly. Analyses of his well-preserved mummy reveal signs of severe arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and extensive dental abscesses, all of which suggest significant physical decline. Yet, there is no evidence of foul play or traumatic injury. Most researchers agree he likely died of natural causes, his body simply giving out after a long and physically demanding life.
What the Mummy Reveals
First unwrapped in the 19th century and studied by Egyptian and French teams throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, Ramesses II’s remains have been central to bioarchaeological studies. CT scans and X-rays of the mummy show advanced bone degeneration and indicators of chronic pain. His spine was heavily afflicted with arthritis, likely limiting his mobility in later years. He also suffered from a debilitating dental condition, which might have led to infections. These findings paint the picture of an aged ruler who—though once vigorous and commanding—became increasingly frail as his reign wore on.
A Dynasty of Many Sons
Despite siring an estimated hundred children, Ramesses II outlived most of them. This paradox meant that by the time of his death, few heirs remained. His thirteenth son, Merneptah’s transition to the throne, appeared relatively smooth, possibly due to his military experience and close proximity to power during his father’s twilight years. However, while Ramesses’ passing didn’t spark immediate chaos, evidence suggests that subsequent generations were not so fortunate.
Posthumous Unrest
After Merneptah’s death, Egypt entered a period of increasing instability. Rapid turnover of rulers, competing claims to the throne, and internal strife became common. The so-called “Ramesside” dynasty eventually fractured, leaving a power vacuum and paving the way for the decline of Egypt’s imperial authority. Although no direct evidence points to violent conflict among Ramesses’ children, the succession complexities likely sowed the seeds for the fragmentation that followed.
Legacy and Reverence
Ramesses II was worshipped as a god during his lifetime and honored long after his death. His colossal statues, temples (including Abu Simbel), and inscriptions stand as enduring monuments to his rule. His legacy, both symbolic and genetic, lingered through generations of successors, each attempting to channel the grandeur of the pharaoh known as Egypt’s great builder.
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